This concept refers to both dual-use knowledge and dual-use technologies – technologies and research that can be applied for either civilian or military purposes. In academia, this means that scientific discoveries made without any military intent, such as the development of medicines, can also be exploited by malicious actors for destructive purposes, like the creation of biological weapons.
In general, this refers to a process of verifying or gathering information about a specific matter to analyze the risks and compliance of a given endeavor. A good example occurs when establishing academic partnerships and it becomes necessary to understand who the partner is. This investigation should be conducted while following at least some guidelines: regulatory requirements, respect for institutional policy, and the inherent risks of the project.
Currently, traditional due diligence tools may not be sufficient, considering the specific technological risks, the complex production chains of scientific and technological knowledge, and the significant dual-use potential of certain technologies.
Academic institutions are integral parts of society and often receive input from various stakeholders. Due influence refers to legitimate contributions from partners who enhance academic governance by introducing new ideas or creating opportunities for research projects, all while adhering to regulations and institutional policies governing faculty and administrative members. Conversely, unwanted interference involves actions aimed at stealing intellectual property or coercing researchers through illegal or unethical means.
At first glance, it can be challenging to identify and differentiate between these two situations, as individuals and organizations engaged in illicit activities often employ similar approaches to those used by legitimate collaborators. However, a key factor in distinguishing unwanted interference from due influence is the lack of transparency in the interactions between academic institutions and their staff on one side, and the interfering party on the other. Transparency, therefore, serves as a critical safeguard in protecting academic integrity.
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